Latest posts
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Direct Public Offerings in Africa: How Businesses Can Raise Capital Directly From Investors
Access to growth capital remains one of the most important strategic challenges facing businesses across Africa. Companies traditionally turn to commercial banks, private equity firms, venture capital investors, or conventional public listings when they need significant funding. However, these channels may involve substantial financing costs, ownership dilution, restrictive conditions, or lengthy negotiations. A direct public…
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Initial Public Offerings In Africa: A Complete Guide To IPOs, Investment, Risks And Business Growth
An Initial Public Offering (IPO) represents one of the most significant financing and ownership decisions a growing company can make. It occurs when a privately owned business offers shares to public investors for the first time and becomes listed on a recognised stock exchange. For African businesses, an IPO can provide access to substantial long-term…
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Segregation of Duties: A Practical Guide to Stronger Internal Controls, Fraud Prevention and Business Accountability
Building Stronger Controls Through Shared Responsibility As organisations grow, financial transactions become more complex, responsibilities expand, and employees gain access to increasingly valuable information and assets. Without appropriate controls, these developments can expose a business to financial errors, fraud, unauthorised transactions and operational losses. Segregation of duties is therefore an important component of a well-designed…
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Côte d’Ivoire Withholding Tax Guide: Corporate Rates, Dividends, Interest, Royalties and Treaty Rules
Withholding tax can affect a wide range of commercial payments, including dividends, interest, royalties, service fees, public-sector contracts, and certain transactions involving smaller enterprises. Businesses operating in or making payments from Côte d’Ivoire need to identify the correct withholding obligation before settling invoices or distributing income. The applicable rate depends largely on the nature of…
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Senegal Withholding Tax Guide: Corporate Rates, Dividends, Interest and Treaty Rules
Withholding tax is an important feature of Senegal’s corporate tax framework and affects a wide range of business transactions, including service fees, royalties, dividends, interest payments, healthcare remuneration, and certain imports. For companies operating in Senegal, withholding tax is generally collected at source. This means the entity making a qualifying payment is responsible for deducting…
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Chad Withholding Tax Guide: Corporate Rates, CEMAC Rules and Cross-Border Payments
Withholding tax is an important part of Chad’s corporate tax system and can affect a wide range of commercial transactions, including the purchase and sale of goods, dividend distributions, interest payments, rent, equipment leasing, public procurement contracts, and payments to non-residents. For businesses operating in Chad, the main compliance responsibility generally falls on the party…
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Withholding Tax in Cameroon: What Businesses Need to Know
Withholding tax is an important consideration for companies conducting business in Cameroon, particularly where transactions involve foreign consultants, contractors, shareholders, lenders, technology providers, or other non-resident parties. A payment that appears commercially straightforward can create a tax obligation for the Cameroonian payer before the funds are transferred. Under the withholding system, the entity making a…
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Mauritania Company Registration Guide: Business Entities, Legal Structures and Foreign Investment Options
For companies considering entry into Mauritania, the choice of legal entity is one of the earliest and most consequential structuring decisions. Based on extensive experience supporting businesses with corporate establishment and market-entry planning, we have found that the most appropriate structure is rarely determined by incorporation cost alone. The decision should reflect the investor’s ownership…
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Business Setup in Libya: Complete Guide to Company Types, Foreign Ownership and Investment Requirements
Libya offers a potentially attractive but highly structured environment for companies seeking to establish operations in North Africa. Its energy resources, infrastructure needs, geographic access to Mediterranean markets, and demand for investment across sectors such as industry, healthcare, agriculture, tourism, and services create opportunities for both regional and international businesses. However, these opportunities must be…
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Equity Turnover Ratio: Evaluating the Efficiency of Shareholders’ Capital
The equity turnover ratio is an important financial efficiency metric used to assess how effectively a company converts shareholders’ equity into revenue. It provides investors, analysts, finance professionals, and students with insight into the relationship between a company’s revenue-generating capacity and the equity capital invested in the business. From a corporate finance perspective, the ratio…